The thyroid gland — a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck — produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy, heart rate, temperature, and many other body functions. When the thyroid produces too much or too little hormone, it affects virtually every system in the body.
Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)
In hypothyroidism, the thyroid does not produce enough hormone. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, hair loss, and depression. The most common cause in India is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis — an autoimmune condition.
Treatment involves daily thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine), which is effective and safe when the dose is correctly adjusted through regular blood tests (TSH level monitoring).
Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)
In hyperthyroidism, excess thyroid hormone causes weight loss, palpitations, anxiety, heat intolerance, tremors, and increased sweating. Graves’ disease (another autoimmune condition) is the most common cause. Treatment options include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery.
Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are very common — found in up to 50–60% of the adult population on ultrasound. Most are benign. An endocrinologist evaluates nodules with ultrasound and, if indicated, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) to rule out cancer.
When to See a Doctor
If you have unexplained fatigue, weight changes, neck swelling, palpitations, or abnormal thyroid blood tests — see an endocrinologist. Dr. M.V. Rama Mohan at Pogathota Clinic and Apollo Hospitals, Nellore, specialises in comprehensive thyroid care.